Learn & look up

Guides & Engineering Reference

Read beginner-friendly lessons to understand the engineering, or use the reference handbook for fast technical lookups.

Quick technical lookup

Engineering Reference

Search standards, ANSI/IEEE relay function numbers, electrical equations and SI prefixes without opening a full lesson.

Open the reference library →
Deep-dive lessons

Educational guides

Illustrated explanations, worked examples and practical engineering notes.

Electrical Fundamentals · 2

Cables & Distribution · 6

Power Systems · 5

Power Quality · 2

Motors & Industrial · 3

Protection & Safety · 3

Renewable Energy · 1

Greece: grid & regulations · 2

Using the calculators

How to read the results

Every KiloVolt calculator reports checks in the same way, so you can tell at a glance what has been shown, what has not been checked, and what you still have to verify yourself.

Status badges

  • Pass The check was calculated from the data you entered and the limit was met. It is a screening result, not an approval.
  • Warning The calculation is valid but something deserves your attention, for example an advisory rating shortfall.
  • Fail A limit was exceeded or a required condition is not met. Change the design or the inputs.
  • Not assessed The calculator could not check this because data is missing or the method does not cover it. Not assessed is never a pass. Supply the missing data or verify it another way.
  • Provisional Every check that could be made was met, but the result still depends on assumptions and data you must confirm. It is not a design approval.

Notices below the results

  • Correct these inputs (red): a value is missing or impossible, so no reliable result can be shown. The message names the field as it appears on screen.
  • Check before relying on this result (amber): an assumption, missing datum or finding that changes how the result must be read.
  • Scope and assumptions (collapsed): what the method always includes and excludes, for example that a short-circuit screen does not include motor contributions. These are always true for the tool, so they are collapsed to keep the amber notice meaningful. Open them whenever you rely on a number.

Each calculator's guide explains its own limits in detail. Back to the guide directory.